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  • March 19, 2024 5 min read

    Oxygen is essential for life, but it needs to be transported by hemoglobin to be used. Anemia occurs when the amount of hemoglobin falls below normal levels. In 2011, 32 million pregnant women suffered from anemia, according to WHO data. This condition is so common that, in the United States alone, almost one in three pregnant women has an iron deficiency in the third trimester.

    Pregnancy is a risk factor for anemia because the iron needs of the fetus and placenta increase. Preventing anemia during pregnancy is crucial because it can lead to pregnancy complications such as premature birth, low birth weight, premature rupture of membranes, increased perinatal mortality, and even severe postpartum hemorrhage when the anemia is more severe.

    To prevent iron deficiency anemia, all pregnant women are recommended to intake 30 mg of iron daily, which is contained in the formulations of prenatal vitamins. It is vital to take care of your health during pregnancy, and preventing anemia is one of the most important ways to do so.

    On the other hand, for the treatment of anemia, once established, the dose can reach up to 120 mg daily, with oral replacement used as the first treatment option. However, with oral administration, about 50% of pregnant women report adverse effects such as constipation, abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting that can lead to oral intolerance. In fact, even after a prolonged period of time, oral iron treatment may fail to correct anemia and iron stores before delivery.

    On the other hand, intravenous administration could increase iron stores more quickly and avoid passage through the gastrointestinal tract and thus reduce adverse effects.

    In a recent meta-analysis (2018), many studies were compiled where more than 1,000 pregnant women with anemia were included and grouped so that some received iron orally and others received it intravenously. This last group had many advantages over the first, among which the following stand out:

    • greater increase in hemoglobin values
    • greater probability of achieving the desired hemoglobin and
    • fewer adverse effects

    In most of the included studies, intravenous administration was in the form of iron sucrose, however recently another meta-analysis (2021) demonstrated a better safety profile and greater benefits when iron is administered in the form of ferric carboxymaltose.

    Regular screening for anemia is essential during prenatal visits, as it allows for its early detection and treatment. Education about the importance of iron in the diet, the benefits of prenatal vitamins, and the possible need for additional supplements are essential components of prenatal care, in order to ensure hemoglobin values ​​greater than 10-11 g/dL in the third trimester; Otherwise, the administration of intravenous iron is strongly recommended due to all the proposed benefits, especially in cases of high risk of postpartum hemorrhage or patients who refuse transfusions of blood products.

    • The global prevalence of anaemia in 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015
    • Earl R, Woteki CE, eds. Iron Deficiency Anemia: Recommended Guidelines for The Prevention, Detection, and Management among U.S. Children and Women of Childbearing Age. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1993
    • Cancelo-Hidalgo MJ, Castelo-Branco C, Palacios S, et al. Tolerability of different oral iron supplements: a systematic review. Curr Med Res Opin 2013;29(04):291–303
    • Govindappagari, Shravya; Burwick, Richard (2018). Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy with Intravenous versus Oral Iron: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Perinatology, (), s-0038-1668555–. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1668555
    • Shin HW, Go DY, Lee SW, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose and iron sucrose for iron deficiency anemia in obstetric and gynecologic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(20):e24571. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000024571

     

     By Dr. Nestor Ferrer and Meg Wirth

     

     

    Beneficios del hierro endovenoso para tratar la anemia en el embarazo

     

    El oxígeno es esencial para la vida, pero necesita ser transportado por la hemoglobina para ser utilizado. La anemia se produce cuando la cantidad de hemoglobina cae por debajo de los niveles normales. Sorprendentemente, en 2011, 32 millones de mujeres embarazadas padecían anemia, según datos de la OMS. Esta afección es tan frecuente que, sólo en Estados Unidos, casi una de cada tres mujeres embarazadas tiene una carencia de hierro en el tercer trimestre.

    El embarazo es un factor de riesgo de anemia porque aumentan las necesidades de hierro del feto y la placenta. Prevenir la anemia durante el embarazo es crucial porque puede provocar complicaciones en el embarazo, como parto prematuro, bajo peso al nacer, rotura prematura de membranas, aumento de la mortalidad perinatal e incluso hemorragia posparto grave cuando la anemia es más severa.

    Para prevenir la anemia por deficiencia de hierro se recomienda a todas las gestantes la ingesta de 30 mg diarios de hierro, que están contenidos en las formulaciones de las vitaminas prenatales. Es vital cuidar de tu salud durante el embarazo, y prevenir la anemia es una de las formas más importantes de hacerlo.

    Por su parte, para el tratamiento de la anemia, una vez establecida, la dosis puede llegar hasta 120 mg diarios, siendo la vía oral la primera opción de tratamiento. Sin embargo, con la administración vía oral, cerca del 50 % de las gestantes reportan efectos adversos como constipación, malestar abdominal, náuseas y vómitos que pueden limitar la tolerancia a la vía oral. De hecho, incluso después de un tiempo prolongado, el tratamiento con hierro vía oral puede fallar en corregir la anemia y los depósitos de hierro antes del parto.

    En cambio, la administración endovenosa pudiera incrementar los depósitos de hierro de manera más rápida y evitar el paso por vía gastrointestinal y así reducir los efectos adversos.

    En un metaanálisis se recopilaron muchos estudios donde se incluyeron mas de 1000 mujeres con anemia y se agruparon de manera que unas recibieran hierro vía oral y otras lo recibieran por vía endovenosa. Este ultimo grupo tuvo muchas ventajas con respecto al primero entre las que destacan: mayor incremento de valores de hemoglobina, mayor probabilidad de alcanzar la hemoglobina deseada y menores efectos adversos.

    En la mayoría de los estudios incluidos la administración endovenosa fue en forma de hierro sacarosa, sin embargo recientemente otro metaanálisis demostró mejor perfil de seguridad y mayores beneficios cuando el hierro se administra en forma de carboximaltosa férrica.

    El cribado periódico de la anemia es esencial durante las visitas prenatales, ya que permite su detección y tratamiento precoces. La educación sobre la importancia del hierro en la dieta, los beneficios de las vitaminas prenatales y la posible necesidad de suplementos adicionales son componentes esenciales de la atención prenatal, para así poder garantizar valores de hemoglobina mayores de 10-11 g/dL en el tercer trimestre; de lo contrario la administración de hierro vía endovenosa está fuertemente recomendado por todos los beneficios planteados, especialmente en casos de alto riesgo de hemorragia postparto o pacientes que rechacen transfusiones de hemoderivados.

    • The global prevalence of anaemia in 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015
    • Earl R, Woteki CE, eds. Iron Deficiency Anemia: Recommended Guidelines for The Prevention, Detection, and Management among U.S. Children and Women of Childbearing Age. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1993
    • Cancelo-Hidalgo MJ, Castelo-Branco C, Palacios S, et al. Tolerability of different oral iron supplements: a systematic review. Curr Med Res Opin 2013;29(04):291–303
    • Govindappagari, Shravya; Burwick, Richard (2018). Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy with Intravenous versus Oral Iron: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Perinatology, (), s-0038-1668555–. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1668555
    • Shin HW, Go DY, Lee SW, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose and iron sucrose for iron deficiency anemia in obstetric and gynecologic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(20):e24571. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000024571

     

     

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